Overview of Ultrasound Probe Shape and Performance

Linear array transducers are available64、128、256and512A variety of transducers are composed of vibrating elements. Due to the different thicknesses of the vibrating element chips, the structure and type of the ultrasonic transducer, as well as the added excitation pulse parameters, operating and focusing methods, etc., have a great impact on the shape of the emitted ultrasonic beam and greatly affect the performance, function, and quality of the ultrasonic diagnostic instrument. However, the transducer array element material has little relationship with the shape of the ultrasonic beam; but it is closely related to its piezoelectric efficiency, sound pressure, sound intensity and imaging quality of emission and reception.
Ultrasonic transducers should be disinfected after each use. Disinfection with formaldehyde gas is a feasible method.。

(1) Mechanical sector scan transducer　
This is a mechanical sector scan transducer that places a single circular disc transducer(Its diameter is12mm—20mmon a sector swing frame, which is driven by a motor to perform sector swing scanning.TheHP SONOS-CFcolor ultrasonic diagnostic instrument is equipped with2.5MHzto7.5MHzseven mechanical sector scan transducers of different frequencies. The front end of the mechanical sector scan transducer is equipped with a high-speed rotating ultrasonic transducer, and the outside is a hemispherical detection surface, which is made of a material with good transmittance and wear resistance.
Mechanical sector scan transducers were the most widely used technology in the 1980s; because the ultrasonic transducer is attached to a mechanical swing frame, the swing angle and swing frequency are limited, such as its maximum swing angle is only 60 degrees, which is not as good as the sector scan angle of modern electronic phased array convex array transducers90degrees, even less than the micro-convex array transducer170degrees, and the curved array transducer240degrees sector scan angle. The mechanical sector scan transducer must be filled with probe oil, which must have good acoustic permeability, low density, low resistance, and good insulation. The service life of mechanical sector scan transducers is also inferior to that of phased array convex array transducers; however, in use, both do not require movement to obtain an image.
The mechanical sector scan transducer utilizes a sine-cosine transformer or sine-cosine potentiometer to rotate synchronously with the probe, generating sine-cosine position signals, adjusting sawtooth wave scanning, and completing synchronous scanning with the probe position. This is the basic working principle of the mechanical sector scan transducer.

(2))Linear array transducer
Linear array transducers are available64、128、256and512A variety of transducers composed of vibrating elements; due to the different thicknesses of the vibrating element chips, their operating frequencies are different, and their linear array lengths are also different. Low-frequency transducershave a larger Size.

(3))Phased array transducer
Phased array transducers come in various shapes, including transesophageal phased array transducers for cardiac examination; surface contact phased array transducers with very small probe plane widths can be used in cardiac surgery.

(4) Convex array transducer
Convex array transducers include general-purpose convex array transducers and frequency-variable convex array transducers with different frequencies and different curvatures. There is also a micro-convex array transducer suitable for small organs. The sector scan angle of the convex array transducer reaches80many degrees，The micro-convex array transducer can be used for small organ examination, and its sector scan angle is greater than90degrees。
Currently, frequency-variable transducers are used in color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instruments, such as2.0/5.0MHz，2.5/5.0MHz，5.0/7.5
MHz，7.5/12MHz---and other frequency-variable transducers. The design of the frequency-variable transducer is mainly suitable for multi-site scanning in a single scan, and is also suitable for ultrasonic examination of different body types.

(5)) Matrix transducer
The vibrating element block of the matrix transducer is composed of a matrix of hundreds to thousands of square blocks. For example, the Philips ×4 Matrix type ultra-matrix transducer is composed of 3000 array blocks; it requires more than 150 computer electronic boards to receive and process the ultrasonic echo signals. The 3000-element matrix transducer can be used for two-dimensional echocardiography and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography; this is currently the advanced third-generation multi-plane ultrasonic transducer. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography allows for immediate observation of the three-dimensional anatomical structure of the heart, better assessing the complex relationships between valves, ventricular walls, and vessels.

(6) Ultrasonic Doppler transducer
Ultrasonic Doppler transducers for measuring blood flow are simple double-crystal separated or separated transducers. Ultrasonic Doppler transducers for detecting Doppler spectra are also specialized. Many convex, linear, phased array, and intracavity transducers now havePWD(Pulse Doppler)andHRPFUltrasonic Doppler scanning function，Phased array transducers also haveCWD(Continuous Doppler) scanning function. The application range of the pulse repetition frequency of pulse Doppler is1kHz—29kHz。

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