Ultrasound transducer, basic layout, and operation

Ultrasound transducer

Ultrasound transducers include: convex array transducer, linear array transducer, phased array transducer, and micro-convex transducer. Convex array transducer: frequency range 2～5MHz, larger arc contact surface, ultrasound can penetrate deeper structures and has higher lateral resolution, usually used for abdominal examination; Linear array transducer: frequency range 7～13MHz, has higher resolution for superficial structures, but poor penetration for deep structures, used for examination of blood vessels, lungs, muscles and bones, nerves and eyes; Phased array transducer: frequency range 2.5～5MHz, has a smaller contact surface, ultrasound can penetrate deeper structures well, used for the structure of heart, lung and abdomen; Micro-convex transducer: frequency range 4～11MHz, has a smaller contact surface, ultrasound can penetrate deeper structures well, generally used for abdominal, lung and vascular examination in adults.

Ultrasound transducer

Basic layout and operation of ultrasound machine

1. Power: Turn on/off

2. Patient: Select, enter and input patient data

3. Preset: Preset examination type and transducer

4. TGC: Time gain compensation, adjust the gain of different depths

5. B-mode (default mode) brightness mode, real-time display of target structure in grayscale, also known as two-dimensional mode

6. Color flow (CF): Also known as color Doppler mode, detects blood flow and direction

7. Pulse wave (PW) Doppler: Real-time display of blood flow spectrum at the cursor position (heart or blood vessel), reflecting blood flow direction, whether there is laminar flow, flow velocity and other indicators

8. M-mode: Motion mode, in this mode, the movement of the anatomical structure at the cursor position is displayed

9. Gain: Amplify the brightness of the image

10. Depth: Focus ultrasound on the target area, increase depth for observation of deeper structures

11. Freeze: Display image snapshot

12. Setting/Pause: Similar to computer mouse buttons

13. Measurement: Call out the caliper for measurement

14. Trackball: Roll to move the cursor

15. Cursor: Press this key to make the cursor appear or disappear

16. Print and multimedia: Print or transmit data

17. Switch: Switch the position of the screen indicator

18. Focus: Focus the ultrasound on the target depth to obtain better resolution and image quality

Desktop medical ultrasound machine

Ultrasound mode of ultrasound machine

Color blood flow direction. When using the color blood flow mode, an indicator bar will appear on the left or right side of the screen, the upper end of the indicator bar shows the color towards the blood flow, and the lower end shows the color away from the blood flow. As shown in the figure, the blood flow towards the probe is indicated in red, and the blood flow away from the probe is indicated in blue.

Ultrasound image orientation

Each examination site needs to be scanned in two planes, usually transverse and longitudinal. If scanned transversely, the probe marker points to the patient's right side, and the screen marker is in the default position (left side of the screen). The tissue structure on the side of the probe marker will be displayed on the side of the screen marker; the ultrasound image of the tissue on the patient's right side will be projected on the left side of the screen, similar to CT imaging direction.

To obtain a long-axis image (sagittal plane), point the probe marker towards the patient's head end and Confirm that the screen marker is in the default position (left side of the screen). This section will project the structure at the patient's head end to the left side of the screen.

Ultrasound examination operation techniques

Different manufacturers' ultrasound machines have basically the same operating principles; familiarize yourself with your own machine. Determine a question that needs to be answered through ultrasound examination, such as: Is there pleural effusion? What is the left ventricular end-diastolic volume? Is there increased intracranial pressure? Where is the safest path for venous puncture?

Prepare the ultrasound machine and the required transducer and coupling agent. If necessary, prepare sterile sheaths. Place the ultrasound machine beside the bed with a comfortable screen viewing angle. Avoid strong light irradiation.

Start:

1. Turn on the machine

2. Enter patient information

3. Select transducer

4. Preset all time gain compensation buttons in the middle position and adjust as needed

5. Start with B-mode, all machines default to B-mode (2D)

6. The screen marker is on the left side of the screen (default), and on the right side for heart examination. Apply coupling agent to the probe

7. Start ultrasound examination

8. Adjust gain

9. Adjust depth, place the target structure in the center of the screen. Note the depth scale on the right side of the screen

10. Adjust the focal zone to the target area to improve image quality

11. Start ultrasound scanning

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